1. 过去完成时用法
过去完成时用法讲解
1、概述
过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作.它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去巧轮”.表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语,也可用when, before等引导的从句或通过上下代表示.
His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected. 当她终于收到她盼望已久的杂志时,她兴奋得两眼闪光.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.12岁时,爱迪生就开始自己谋生.
2、构成
过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成.其否定式、肯定式、疑问式如下表：
肯定式 否定式 疑问式
I(we) I(We) you
You had read it. had not read it Had they read it?
He(She, They) He(She ,They) he
注意：had not 常简略为hadn't.
They asked me to have a drink with them and said it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink. 他们请我和他们一起喝酒,并说我自上次喝酒到现在至少十年了.
We had learnt 30 lessons by the end of last month.到上个月末为止,我们已经学了30课.
He said we hadn’t seen each other since I left Beijing.自从我离开北京,我们还没见过面.
3、过去完成时的用法
过去完成时的主要用法和现在完成时一样.不同的是,过去完成时把时间推移到了过去某一时间之前,与现在无关.
（1）过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作.这个过去的时间状语有by, before等介词短语或when, before等引导的从句.
Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. 海伦把钥匙忘到办公室里了,因此她不得不等她丈夫回来.
When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我们到达电影院时,电影已经开始了.
He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.他告诉我他以前参观过长城.
By the end of the match, they had kicked 2 goals, and we had kicked 4.比赛结束时,他们踢进了2个球而我们踢进了4个球.
When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.杰克到达后得知玛嫌梁丽走了近一个小时了.
（2）表芹宽运示动作在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续到过去的这一时间,而且还可能继续下去的动作,常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用.
The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 听到这个消息我并不感到吃惊.工厂要倒闭这件事我早就知道了.
By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.到我毕业时,他已经教那个班三年了.
He said he had made great progress since he came here.他说自从他来这里他已经取得了很大进步.
（3）用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你,他就会问你这件事了.
I should have called you if I had known your telephone number.假如我过去知道你的电话号码,我就给你打电话了.
He described the scene as if he had been there.他描绘的景色如同他去过那里一样.
Had I known that you wanted the book, I would have sent it.如果我知道你要这本书,我会送来的.
（4）表示假设的宾语从句
放在像said,told,asked,thought,wondered等过去时动词的后面,表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情.
My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我,他已通过了考试.
He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.他问我头一天晚上是否看过那部电影.
She wondered who had left the door open.她想知道谁敞着门的.
（5）用在 "It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中
在此句型中,主句用了一般过去时,that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时.
This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 这是39年里他们第一次见面.
It was the first time we had spoken together. 这是我们第一次在一起说话.
（6）intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以表示一个本来打算做而没有做的事
这种结构也可以表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等,含有某种惋惜.
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你,但我来了个不速之客.
We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in.我们本想把这个消息告诉她的,但发现她不在家.
（7）过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副词的句子里.
She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了.
No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼,一颗炸弹就爆炸了.
（8）当before , after, as soon as 等引导的从句里的动作与主句的动作紧接时,由于这些连词本身已经说明了两个动作发生的先后关系,因此两个动作均可用一般过去时表示.
We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操之后,我们吃早饭.
The train started to move just before we reached the station.我们到车站时火车刚开动.
As soon as they got there, they started to study.他们一到那里就开始学习了.
2. 推荐电影的英语文章
电影是一门年轻的综合敬启芦艺术,同时也是科学进步与工业亮带革命的产物,深深地打上了商业文明的烙印。它本身兼具了艺术旁此性与商品性的双重属性,是一种特殊的商品。下面是我带来的是推荐电影的英文文章，欢迎阅读!
Alien is a 1979 science fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott, starring Tom Skerritt andSigourney Weaver. The film's title refers to its primary character: a highly aggressive extra-terrestrial creature that stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship. The alien gets onto the shipafter the crew board a derelictalien spacecraft. Inside it they find the remains of a large aliencreature whose ribs appear to have beenexploded outward from the inside. They discover ahuge room containing many eggs, one of which releases a creature that attaches itself to theface of one of the crew. They return to their spaceship and the terror starts as terrible thingshappen to the crew as they try to find and kill the alien.
异形是一部制作于1979年的科幻恐怖电影，导演雷德利·斯科特，主演汤姆·斯凯里特，和西格妮·韦弗。电影的标题是这部电影的主要角色:一个凶猛的外星生物，它跟踪并杀害宇航员。船员进入了一艘废弃的外星人飞船，不久外星人进入了飞船。在飞船中，他们发现了一个庞大的外星人遗骸，它的肋骨显然是从里面爆炸的。他们还发现了一个大房间，里面有许多的未出生异形卵，其中一个异形卵破壳而出，吸引了船员的注意。之后，他们返回了航船，接下来恐怖的事情发生了，他们随即展开了对外星人的寻找和追杀。
Alien received both critical acclaim and box office success. It also received an Academy Awardfor Best Visual Effects. It has remained highly praised in subsequent decades. In 2008, it wasranked as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre by the American Film Institute, andas the thirty-third greatest movie of all time by Empire magazine. Movie critic Roger Ebertwrote: "One of the great strengths of Alien is its pacing. It takes its time. It waits. It allowssilences." The success of Alien generated a media franchise of novels, ic books, videogames, and toys, as well as three sequels and two prequels. It also launched Weaver's actingcareer by providing her with her first lead role.
异形这部电影既得到了很好的票房成绩，同时也饱受争议。这部电影还获得了奥斯卡金像奖最佳视觉效果奖。在未来的几十年中，这部影片饱受好评。2008年，美国电影学院把异形列为七部最佳科幻电影中的一部，帝国杂志把它评为33部最佳影片中的一部。影评人罗杰·艾伯特写道：“节奏是这部电影最好的部分。在这部电影中有时间的等待，有沉寂”。异形的成功使得连环画、小说、玩具、三部续集以及两部先行篇相继出现。这部影片也开启了韦弗的电影生涯，这是她第一次在电影中担任主角。
Casablanca is a 1942 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Curtiz. It has a star-studded cast that includes Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman. The film was based on Murray Burnett and Joan Alison's then-unproced play Everybody es to Rick's. Warner Bros. bought the play for $20,000, which was the mostanyone in Hollywood had ever paid for an unproced play. It is set ring World War II and focuses on a man torn between, in the words of one character, love and virtue. He must choose between his love for a woman, and helping her and her hu *** and escape from the Vichy-controlled Moroccan city of Casablanca so that her hu *** and can continue his fight against the Nazis.
卡萨布兰卡是一部上映于1942年的美国浪漫主义题材情景电影，导演迈克尔·柯蒂斯。这部电影影星云集，包括亨弗莱·鲍嘉，英格丽·褒曼。这部电影是根据默里·伯内特和琼·艾莉森的舞台剧《大家都来里克的酒店》所创作出来的，这部舞台剧尚未发表。华纳兄弟影片公司以20万美金的价格将它买下，在好莱坞，还没有人购买下一部尚未发表的舞台剧。这部电影发生在二战时期，电影刻画了男主人公在爱情和政治上的两难选择。他必须帮助他所爱的人，他帮助她和她的丈夫逃过了由维希政权所控制下的摩洛哥城市-卡萨布兰卡，只有这样，她的丈夫才能继续对抗纳粹。
Although it was an A-list film, with established stars and first-rate writers, no one involvedwith its proction expected Casablanca to be anything out of the ordinary. It was just one ofhundreds of pictures proced by Hollywood every year. The film was a solid success in itsinitial run and did well at the box office. The movie won three Academy Awards in 1944,including Best Picture. Its characters, dialogue, and music have bee iconic, although one ofthe lines most closely associated with the film — "Play it again, Sam" — is a misquotation;Bergman's character actually says: "Play it, Sam. Play 'As Time Goes By'." The film consistentlyranks near the top of lists of the greatest films of all time.
尽管这是一部一流电影，有着一线的明星和作者，但是，在它的制作工程中，没有人认为卡萨布兰卡会脱颖而出。它只是好莱坞每年上映的上百部电影中的一部。起初，这部电影获得了巨大的成功，也取得了票房的佳绩。1944年，这部电影获得了三座奥斯卡奖杯，包括最佳影片奖。电影中有许多标志性的人物、对话、音乐，尽管许多对话都与电影有着紧密的联络。“山姆，再弹一遍”-这是一次错误的引用;褒曼在这里其实说的是：山姆，快弹一个，弹《时光飞逝》”。这部电影与其他优秀的电影作品齐名。